Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to respond to the same interface. In Python, this is implemented through dunder (double underscore) methods—special methods that enable custom classes to integrate seamlessly with Python's built-in syntax and functions.
When calling D() , the initialization trace prints in a nested fashion: python 3 deep dive part 4 oop high quality
Writing high-quality code means protecting your object's internal state. Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to respond
: An advanced-level course that is highly recommended for developers who want to understand the "why" and "how" behind Python's internals rather than just learning syntax. : An advanced-level course that is highly recommended
By default, Python instances store attributes in a dynamic dictionary ( __dict__ ). This allows flexibility but consumes substantial memory. Declaring __slots__ bypasses __dict__ , allocating a fixed amount of space for specified attributes.
class BankAccount: def __init__(self, account_number, balance): self.__account_number = account_number self.__balance = balance